Understanding the flow behaviour in a gas well is crucial for future production strategies, obtaining bottomhole conditions from wellhead production data, analyzing production data and estimating reservoir properties. In this work, the pressure profile and flow regime are studied on four wells of a multi-well, multi-layer gas-condensate reservoir, producing at high rate. The wells are deviated and cased-holes, with the gas flowing through tubing to the wellhead. Here, a comprehensive quality assessment of data is presented. An algorithm is proposed to model wellhead chokes and determine production rates of individual wells from overall, commingled daily flow rates. The pressure profile and flow regime were determined in each well through back-calculation and nodal analysis. The bottomhole pressure is predicted. The best correlations are selected by comparing the model results with reported production logging tool (PLT) data. The rates of produced condensate and water (equivalent to gas) and their PVT properties, e.g. API of condensate, had little impact on choke calculations, which is due to high flow rate gas. The flow is shown to be gas-like at the bottom, which turns to mist flow near the wellhead. Liquid holdup is subject to the wellhead pressure and well flow rate. It decreases with an increase in wellhead pressure and gas flow rate. The findings here can be extended to other wells in the same reservoir, which can introduce guidelines for gascondensate well modeling.

In recent decades, although dam construction has increased in number and multiplicity, unfortunately, most of these dams are subjected to sediment accumulation during their operation period. As a scientific way, Sediment Bypass Tunnels (SBTs) could be hired to solve this problem. They are deviant channels that convey the current containing sediments from the upstream of the reservoir to the downstream of the dam. In this research, the effect of hydraulic parameters of flow and changes in the angle of plates on sediment transport and deviated flow have been investigated through applying submerged plates on the entrance of a 90-degree diversion channel for sediment transport and then, compared with the state without using submerged plates. The experiments were conducted on a 10-meter-long laboratory flume, with a main channel of 60 cm width and a secondary channel of 30 cm width and a height of 75 cm. In this regard, the variables of Froude number and flow depth in three angles of 30, 45, and 60 degrees were assumed. The results of this study highlight that an increase in Froude number averagely reduced 22. 2% and 53. 3% the channel deviated flow and sediment to the secondary channel, respectively. The 60-degree angle of the plates was effective in decreasing the deviated flow while the 30-degree angle was responsible for the increased deviated sediments. With a decrease in Froude number and depth along with submerged plates with a 30-degree angle, the optimum condition in conveying sediments is achieved where the maximum amount of sediments is conveyed in the minimum flow rate. Based on experimental data, the best equation proposed to calculate the deviated sedimentation flow using the Genetic Algorithm (GA).

Introduction: One of the main objectives of reservoir engineering studies is to increase the production of hydrocarbon reservoirs with an optimal method. One of the artificial lift methods in wells is the gas lift. This system increases the oil production flow rate by reducing the pressure at the bottom of the well and increasing the pressure at the wellhead. In this method, by injection of high-pressure gas into the well’s column, the average density of the well fluid is reduced, and through this, the well is reactivated.Method: In the current study, the simulation of a gas lift system in the horizontal and inclined wells was investigated. The pressure changes at the end of a simulated pipeline with the ability to change the angle from horizontal to inclined when the continuous fluid is water and the injected fluid in the air is investigated.Findings: The results obtained from the current study have been investigated by the PIPESIM Software and the GLR parameter sensitivity analysis. The main objective of the current study is to find the optimal flow rate of the injected gas, which is specified after analysis of the figures obtained from the experiment. Discussion and Conclusion: One of the advantages of conducting this empirical research compared to simulation with PIPESIM Software is that pressure drop fluctuations can be seen along the pipeline in empirical operations, which is not possible in this software.

Introduction & Objective: deviated nose correction is difficult and constitutes a very different issue from septal deviation. When correcting this deformity, traces of asymmetry can be detected. The authors demonstrate facial asymmetry accompanying deviated noses, and such asymmetry is usually ignored by surgeons, who typically concentrate only on nose deformities.Materials & Methods: A total of 5822 pre- and post-rhinoplasty photographs related to 547women and 124 men were reviewed. Three separate groups were selected out of the total population:Group A: Gross Nose and face asymmetryGroup B: Nose asymmetry with no facial deformityGroup C: Facial asymmetry with straight noseDifferent measurements were applied to the selected photos. These included measurement from the lateral canthi to the lateral mouth corners (D1) and from the mid-face to each most lateral part of the zygomatic arch (D2). Measurements from one side were compared to those from the contralateral side to identify true anatomic differences (Figure 1).Results: There was a significant difference in the nose and face deformity group, as evidenced by a meaningful difference in both the D1 and D2 measurements Conclusions: We report a significant growth retardation of the mid-face and orbit on the concave side of the nose. This impediment may serve as the etiology for many asymmetries of the face and nose.

Background: The deviated nose is a challenging problem for the correction of which different approaches may be used. This study introduces a technique using an extended osteocartilaginous spreader graft from a/the quadrangular septum and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid. After performing medial osteotomy on the concave side, the nasal bone is lateralized and an extended osteocartilaginous spreader graft is inserted between the nasal bone and the septum to prevent further retraction of the concave side due to the fibrotic scar tissue. On the contralateral side, a low lateral osteotomy is performed as routine. Methods: The study was designed as a prospective follow-up of fifty-nine patients with deviated nose, who underwent corrective surgeries and were followed for six months to four years. The results were categorized as excellent, fair, and poor according to physical examinations, post-op photography, and patients’ satisfaction.Results: Forty-eight patients (81.3%) had excellent results. Fair improvement was detected in eight patients (13.6%), while only three patients (5.1%) were classified as poor results.Conclusion: An extended osteocartilaginous spreader graft accompanied with medial osteotomy and lateralizing the nasal bone on the concave side is a new technique with a high success rate for the correction of deviated noses.

Field experience shows that the cutting transportation and hole-cleaning phenomena are essential during the drilling phase. Particularly in directional drilling, when the accumulation of cutting has caused some drilling problems such as drill string sticking, formation failure, slow rate of penetration, drill bit abrasion, and the like. Through the study, a novel method for efficient hole cleaning, considering different parameters such as flow rate, the drill bit nozzles’ flow area, the consistency and flow behavior indices in the same time using PSO and ACO algorithms were implemented. Moreover, Power Law has been considered for the fluid rheology model. Based on this, the research parameter shows that the PSO algorithm is much more accurate than the ACO algorithm, improving objective function by 50% and 4%, respectively. The performance of each algorithm was evaluated, and the results show that hole cleaning has been significantly improved. The flow rate and the bit nozzle size, which play key roles, were selected as optimization variables. Effective parameters on hole cleaning were evaluated, and the results before and after optimization showed a significant improvement in the model. The PSO and ACO algorithms have been coded in MATLAB software, and the results are compared to the results of the ant colony. The amount of PV and YP has an inverse effect on the increment of minimum velocity required for cutting transport. Various model analyses reveal that the PSO algorithm is more accurate and robust than the Ant colony algorithm.

In recent decades, although dam construction has been increased, but most of them have experienced huge sedimentation problems during operation. To solve this problem scientifically and efficiently, Sediment Bypass Tunnels (SBTs) could be incorporated. SBTs are division channels that transfer the flow containing sediments from the upstream to the downstream of the dam reservoir. In this experimental study, the effect of division channel width on deviated flow rate and sediment rate into the secondary channels has been investigated. For this purpose, Froude number and flow depth as variables were studied in three different widths of the diversion channel. The results of this study reveals that increasing Froude number reduces the deviated flow rate and sediment rate to the lateral channel up to 20 and 44% respectively. On the other hand, 33% width reduction of the diversion channel could result a reduction of 8. 5% in the deviated flow rate and 50% increase in the width could increase 13% the deviated sediment rate into the lateral channel. The performance index was greater than one and ranged from 1. 6 to 3. 77. Hence the 90-degree diversion channel has a good performance for sediment transportation. By decreasing Froude number and increasing flow depth in a diversion channel (with dimensionless width=0. 41), it is possible to find the optimum choice for sediment transportation by which the highest sediments could be deviated by the lowest deviated flow rate.